Although these methods are not foolproof, you can try to fix the problem yourself, even though it may not work. You can try shutting down the app and opening it back up, or logging out and then back in again. You can also delete the app completely if neither of those changes version, and then check to make sure that you're using the most recent available version of the app.
You can also try turning your phone off, or switching from WiFi to data. If none of these tricks work, your best option is to close the app and check back in in a few hours. Instagram will likely have the issue fixed in relatively short order, so all that you need to do is exercise a little patience. The filter effects will be back in no time, even though they aren't working now.